Acceleration of collimated 45 MeV protons by collisionless shocks driven in low-density, large-scale gradient plasmas by a 10^20 W/cm^2, 1 micron wavelength laser
P. Antici, E. Boella, S.N. Chen, D.S. Andrews, M. Barberio, J. Böker, F. Cardelli, J.L. Feugeas, M. Glesser, P. Nicolaï, L. Romagnani, M. Sciscio, M. Starodubtsev, O. Willi, J.C. Kieffer, V. Tikhonchuk, H. Pépin, L. O. Silva, E. d Humières, J. Fuchs
A new type of proton acceleration stemming from large-scale gradients,
low-density targets, irradiated by an intense near-infrared laser is observed.
The produced protons are characterized by high-energies (with a broad
spectrum), are emitted in a very directional manner, and the process is
associated to relaxed laser (no need for high-contrast) and target (no need for
ultra-thin or expensive targets) constraints. As such, this process appears
quite effective compared to the standard and commonly used Target Normal Sheath
Acceleration technique (TNSA), or more exploratory mechanisms like Radiation
Pressure Acceleration (RPA). The data are underpinned by 3D numerical
simulations which suggest that in these conditions Low Density Collisionless
Shock Acceleration (LDCSA) is at play, which combines an initial Collisionless
Shock Acceleration (CSA) to a boost procured by a TNSA-like sheath field in the
downward density ramp of the target, which leads to an overall broad spectrum.
Experiments performed at 10^20 W/cm^2 laser intensity show that LDCSA can
accelerate, from ~1% critical density, mm-scale targets, up to 5x10^9
protons/MeV/sr/J with energies up to 45(+/- 5) MeV in a collimated (~6$^\circ$
half-angle) manner.