Black hole-neutron star mergers are unlikely multi-messenger sources
The promise by the LIGO/Virgo/Kagra (LVK) collaboration to detect black
hole-neutron star (BH-NS) mergers via gravitational wave (GW) emission has
recently been fulfilled with the detection of GW200105 and GW200115. Mergers of
BH-NS binaries are particularly exciting for their multi-messenger potential,
since the GW detection can be followed by an electromagnetic (EM) counterpart
(kilonova, gamma-ray burst, afterglow) that can reveal important information on
the equation of state (EOS) of NSs and the nature of the BH spin. This can
happen whenever the NS does not directly plunge into the BH, but rather is
tidally disrupted leaving behind debris to accrete. We carry out a statistical
study of the binary stars that evolve to form a BH-NS binary and compute the
rate of merger events that can be followed by an EM counterpart. We find that
$\gtrsim 50\%$ of the mergers can lead to an EM counterpart only in the case
BHs are born highly spinning, otherwise this fraction never exceeds about
$30\%$ for stiff NS EOSs and a few percent for soft NS EOSs. However, the
possibilities that BHs are born with near-maximal spins and that NS internal
structure is described by a stiff EOS are disfavored by current LVK
constraints. Considering that these values only represent an upper limit to
observe an EM counterpart due to current observational limitations, as in
brightness sensitivity and sky localization, BH-NS mergers are unlikely
multi-messenger sources.